With 17.04 the package mod_fastcgi was dropped from repository, as it seems to be unsupported since some time.
The way to go is switching to mod_proxy_fcgi, which seems to come preinstalled with the apache2 package and is just deactivated by default.
sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi
I used PHP-FPM via socket and wanted to continue using it the same way, so I edited my site conf to add following lines within the VirtualHost configuration node:
<IfModule mod_proxy_fcgi.c>
<Proxy "fcgi://localhost/" enablereuse=on max=10>
</Proxy>
<FilesMatch "\.php$">
<If "-f %{REQUEST_FILENAME}">
SetHandler "proxy:unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock|fcgi://localhost/"
</If>
</FilesMatch>
</IfModule>
This was enough to make it run with the standard configuration. If you use a different socket for your vhost or do it via tcp with port, you would have to change the configuration accordingly. The official documentation of apache project for PHP-FPM lists the different configuration possibilities.